An RCT embedded in a structural demand model shows that symptom-based labeling sustains price gaps between biologically equivalent OTC drugs. Correcting beliefs raises substitution by 26% and cuts spending by 12%, but induces second-degree price discrimination.
A rational inattention model in which the cost of acquiring health information depends on how strongly an individual fears missing signs of illness. Empirically, online health information raises utilization, and the pattern points to overconfidence rather than informed concern.
Delayed reimbursement screens hospitals on cost. Evidence from TAVR adoption, 2010-2020, plus a dynamic adoption model in which delay paired with targeted subsidies dominates immediate uniform reimbursement.